PROCESS OF URBAN SPRAWL (part 4)

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The process of urban sprawl has been more rapid growth since 1895. At that time was for the first time found Tin Mine at Ampang. After that, the city through develop by British colonize (Lee 1990). Now, urban sprawl was growth until WPKL area. The activity of trading and tin mine were for the first time as caused the Klang-Langat valley growth because since fifteenth century, tin mine was produced (Kow 1978). The growth earlier from Klang Port and Swettenham Port, that were place for stopped goods and terminated ship from international country to trading activity. River of Klang was as a transportation facility was used to bring tin mine product from Ampang to Port Klang and Port Swettenham. This transportation model has been use since 1857. That’s why, urban sprawl in Klang-Langat valley start from Klang River and Ampang Region as Tin Mine and then growth to Kuala Lumpur since 1880 because as the capital of country at that time.

Differ than the growth Port Klang and Ampang Region, Kuala Lumpur was not developing from mines but growth from trading activity. Since 1859 (two years after tin mine found), Kuala Lumpur exported the product of tin mine. When British colonize (since 1874), they used Klang region as the centre of administratif and Kuala Lumpur controlled by Yap Ah Loy, captain Chine the second after Hiu Siew. Since British colonize there were many strong change of urban morphology. The trend and characteristic of urban was brought to the centre of the city with British colonize controlled. Like that British colonize, when Japan colonizes since 1942 as long as 44 month, the trend and characteristic urban was controlled with the center of the city. There was new relationship between the centre of the city and port with new contraction with differ colonize. The spatial transformation at this time growth rapidly but it was not caused the influence of the government and industry but it was from migration from other country.

Since the independence from Japan and British colonizes 1957, the centre of the city and the system of urban Klang-Langat were more growth with framework of economic colonizes export orientation and spatial integration still used. As the center of administration and politic, Kuala Lumpur was advantaged because It was became the center of tin mines, rubber product and transportation system. This progress of Kuala Lumpur makes other places like Klang Port dan Swettenham Port become slow growth if compare with Singapura Port. Now, the urban development has dominantly do with urban planning base on sciences and rationality for higher the quality of urban life (Lee 1990).

This figure 1 shows that urban sprawl at Kuala Lumpur with symmetric pattern. The earlier of growth was very small area and then growth to beyond. This pattern of urban sprawl depends on no big handicap in the outside of the city, so land use growth to around by symmetric.

Source: Lee 1990.
Figure1. Urban Sprawl in Kuala Lumpur 1895-1954

Beside base on planning, Urban sprawl in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan have been based on migration. The dominant migration is economic and education reason (Malaysia Statistical Board 2007). There are four kind of migration such city to city, city to beyond city, beyond city to city, beyond city to beyond city. The migration was caused urban sprawl in Klang-Langat metropolitan valley was movement of population from city to beyond city, and from beyond city to beyond city. But, migration from beyond city to city was more dominant than other (figure 2). The city still had most interested as the target of migrant than beyond, except in 2000 opposite than it. In 1992 to 2000, there are little gap of destination between city and beyond of the city, but when 2001 until 2003 the gap is more big. This is because part of the outside of the city changed became city.

Source: Malaysia Statistical Board, 2007.
Figure 2 The distribution of migrant base on destination in Malaysia, 1992-2003

Base on the origin and destination of migrant, Selangor State had as destination migrant from other state i.e. from Perak State, Pulau Pinang, Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor. The reason of migrant was for work and study (figure 3). High urbanization to Selangor caused high urban sprawl in Selangor to (include Kuala Lumpur).

Source: Malaysia Statistical Board, 1985
Figure 3 the flow of urbanization interstate for five year 1980 to 1985

The flow of urbanization caused the population of city became many. If the population growth so the need of population will growth to such the need of housing, office, trading, and others facility. Because the population is growth but the land is not growth so the government and civil then use other land in outside of the city. Urban sprawl was a one kind of the growth of city base on space. Table 1 shown that land use dominantly in the center of the city Kuala Lumpur 49.27 percent for road, rail way and open space. This condition of land use in Kuala Lumpur caused urban sprawl in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan like in table 2.
Urban sprawl can be caused with planning or naturally (unmanaged growth), the other word urban sprawl can make better or problems such slum, squatters. There are squatter at Kuala Lumpur in 2000 570.63 hectare or 2.36 percent (table 1). Slum and squatters condition is natural phenomena in the center of the city because there are many competition of economic activity and the negative impact of development. Development in the many case was caused negative impact like gap of development between center and beyond of the city (Gilbert and Gugler 1996, Rostam 1998). The other impact of urban sprawl is more decrease of open space and forest in the center of the city (table 2). They are having function to produce oxygen and hydrology function. The forest at up stream can reduce and caused erosion and flood in middle and below (figure 4).

Table 1 Land Use form in Kuala Lumpur base on Category year 2000

Source: Draft structure plan 2020, 2000

Figure 4 Land use pattern Klang-Langat valley metropolitan

Land use pattern was one kind of the result of human activity and the evolution of environment. Land use changes was the changes of the distribution of settlement and vegetation and natural characteristic activity in the surface of land. These changes could the effect to the quality of air, transportation, and other activity. The push factor caused land use changes was the changes of climate because topographic, public policy of environment and transportation, industry and depend on the complexity of interaction between people and goods.
Dominantly land use changes at Kuala Lumpur was growth of housing become 1,667.53 hectares, then community 459.49 hectares (table 2). This growth area was from decrease of the area of institution 102.98 hectares, industry 3.19 hectares, and open space 9.03 hectares. There was added of area of housing, commercials and community in all of district. It means that there was urban sprawl in all part of the city, and Industry, institution and open space, there were decrease and increase of the area of the city. Kuala Lumpur has squatter about 2,404.31 hectares in 1984 and decrease in year 2000 1,833.68 hectares or 76.27 percent as long as fourteen year.
Table 2 Land use change Kuala Lumpur 1984-2000 in hectares

Notes : * Unit region in ha
** Percentage land use change = Area land use change x 100 %
Area land use y. 1984
Source: Draft Structure Plan KL 2020, 2000
Analysis, 2009.

Part of the people who life in squatter area, they have economic poor and bad environment such dirty and didn’t health. There are many facilities didn’t work and good condition such road/path way, drainage, electric pole, and buildings. The people with high income and rich move to other location but for the people with low income and poor was not have alternative except still live at the bad place.
There are many placed to urban sprawl area. Two areas (beside others areas) were in Gombak and Hulu Langat. Despite that area must use for recharge area, the hills in the two areas was became a settlement (table 3). This table talk about the change of land use and shown that urban sprawl was not only in Kuala Lumpur but also in the beyond of Kuala Lumpur.
Table 3 Land Use change base on category 1994 to 2000

Source: Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 1997/1998, 1999/2000.

Note:
Cyberjaya : 2,844 hectare

td : no data
- : Decrease area

+ : increase area
KLIA : 9,808 hectare

Forest : 1,117 hectare
Government land: 731 hectare.

The negative impact of this urban land use change of condition was many surface run off and erosion, sedimentation, and flood because many vegetation change with building areas. So Many floods and land slides were in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan (Mahusin 2008, Bidai 2008).