scientific conference

Part 5: PROCESS OF URBAN SPRAWL

CONCLUSION

Uran sprawl in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan caused with natural and policy of government about planning. Natural factor was the influence of demographic and migration factors, and policy factor was the influence of the planning of the city. The factor of governmental policy was more dominantly than natural factor. The settlement area was more develop than other kind development. The development was more intensive could change land use form in the outside of the city than in the center of the city.

LITERATURE
Batty, Michael; Elena Besussi; and Nancy Chin. 2003. Traffict, Urban Growth and Suburban Sprawl, Working Papers Series: Paper 70 – November 2003. ISSN 1467-1298. Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London.
Bidai, Suluh. 2008. Utusan Malaysia, 6 December 2008.
Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, Bahagian Perangkaan Tenaga Manusia dan Sosial. 2007. Siaran Khas Penyiasatan Migrasi Bandar- Luar Bandar. SIRI 2 BIL. 1/2007 Disember 2007.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. 1993. Istilah Geografi. Selangor: Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Draft structure plan 2020, 2000.
Gilbert, Alan and Gugler, Jusef. 1996. Cities, Poverty and Development: Urbanization in The Third World. Terjemah oleh Anshori dan Juanda: Urbanisasi dan Kemiskinan di Dunia Ketiga. Tiara Wacana. Yogyakarta.
Hall, Peter. 2008. Planning World, return to Tradition to learn for tomorrow, the Journal of Town and Country Planning Association 77[2] February 2008. London. Email Brian.Moffat@tcpa.org.uk.
Department of Statistics Malaysia, 1985.
Jackson, L.S. 2002. Consensus process in land use planning In British Columbia: the nature of Success: Progress in Planning 57(2002) halaman 1-90. www.elsevier.com/locate/pplann.
Knox, Paul. 1987. Urban Social Geography: An Introduction, Second Edition. Longman Scientific & Technical. New York.
Kow, Lim Heng. 1978. The Evolution of the urban system in Malaya. Universiti Malaya. Kuala Lumpur.
Lee, Goh Ban. 1990. Urban Planning in Malaysia History, Assumption, and Issues. Tempo Publishing. Malaysia.
Mahusin, Baharom. 2008. Utusan Malaysia, 8 December 2008.
Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 1997/1998.
Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 1999/2000.
Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 2003/2004.
Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 2004/2005.
Peet, Richard. 1998. Modern Geographical Thought. Blackwell Publishers. USA.
Pritchet, W.E., 2008. Which urban Crisis? Rationalism, Race, and Urban Policy, 1960-1974. Journal of Urban History, Volume 34 number 2 January 2008. SAGE Publications, North Caroline. www.sagepub.com
Malaysia Plan to-9 (2006-2010).
Rostam, Katiman. 1988. Pengantar Geografi Bandar. Dewan bahasa dan Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Terzi, Fatih and H. Sedar Kaya. 2008. Analyzing Urban Sprawl Patterns Through Fractal Geometry: The Case of Istanbul Metropolitan Area, Working Papers Series: Paper 144 – Augustus 2008. ISSN 1467-1298. Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, London.
Zhou, Bin; Kara M. Kockelman, 2008. Neighborhood impact on land use change: a multinomial logit model of spatial relationships, An International Journal of Urban, Regional and Environmental Research and Policy, Springer, USA springer.com.

Appendix 1
The Table of Settlement Area (Ha)

Source: Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 1997/1998, 1999/2000, 2003/2004, 2004/2005

Appendix 2

PROCESS OF URBAN SPRAWL (part 4)

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The process of urban sprawl has been more rapid growth since 1895. At that time was for the first time found Tin Mine at Ampang. After that, the city through develop by British colonize (Lee 1990). Now, urban sprawl was growth until WPKL area. The activity of trading and tin mine were for the first time as caused the Klang-Langat valley growth because since fifteenth century, tin mine was produced (Kow 1978). The growth earlier from Klang Port and Swettenham Port, that were place for stopped goods and terminated ship from international country to trading activity. River of Klang was as a transportation facility was used to bring tin mine product from Ampang to Port Klang and Port Swettenham. This transportation model has been use since 1857. That’s why, urban sprawl in Klang-Langat valley start from Klang River and Ampang Region as Tin Mine and then growth to Kuala Lumpur since 1880 because as the capital of country at that time.

Differ than the growth Port Klang and Ampang Region, Kuala Lumpur was not developing from mines but growth from trading activity. Since 1859 (two years after tin mine found), Kuala Lumpur exported the product of tin mine. When British colonize (since 1874), they used Klang region as the centre of administratif and Kuala Lumpur controlled by Yap Ah Loy, captain Chine the second after Hiu Siew. Since British colonize there were many strong change of urban morphology. The trend and characteristic of urban was brought to the centre of the city with British colonize controlled. Like that British colonize, when Japan colonizes since 1942 as long as 44 month, the trend and characteristic urban was controlled with the center of the city. There was new relationship between the centre of the city and port with new contraction with differ colonize. The spatial transformation at this time growth rapidly but it was not caused the influence of the government and industry but it was from migration from other country.

Since the independence from Japan and British colonizes 1957, the centre of the city and the system of urban Klang-Langat were more growth with framework of economic colonizes export orientation and spatial integration still used. As the center of administration and politic, Kuala Lumpur was advantaged because It was became the center of tin mines, rubber product and transportation system. This progress of Kuala Lumpur makes other places like Klang Port dan Swettenham Port become slow growth if compare with Singapura Port. Now, the urban development has dominantly do with urban planning base on sciences and rationality for higher the quality of urban life (Lee 1990).

This figure 1 shows that urban sprawl at Kuala Lumpur with symmetric pattern. The earlier of growth was very small area and then growth to beyond. This pattern of urban sprawl depends on no big handicap in the outside of the city, so land use growth to around by symmetric.

Source: Lee 1990.
Figure1. Urban Sprawl in Kuala Lumpur 1895-1954

Beside base on planning, Urban sprawl in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan have been based on migration. The dominant migration is economic and education reason (Malaysia Statistical Board 2007). There are four kind of migration such city to city, city to beyond city, beyond city to city, beyond city to beyond city. The migration was caused urban sprawl in Klang-Langat metropolitan valley was movement of population from city to beyond city, and from beyond city to beyond city. But, migration from beyond city to city was more dominant than other (figure 2). The city still had most interested as the target of migrant than beyond, except in 2000 opposite than it. In 1992 to 2000, there are little gap of destination between city and beyond of the city, but when 2001 until 2003 the gap is more big. This is because part of the outside of the city changed became city.

Source: Malaysia Statistical Board, 2007.
Figure 2 The distribution of migrant base on destination in Malaysia, 1992-2003

Base on the origin and destination of migrant, Selangor State had as destination migrant from other state i.e. from Perak State, Pulau Pinang, Kedah, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka and Johor. The reason of migrant was for work and study (figure 3). High urbanization to Selangor caused high urban sprawl in Selangor to (include Kuala Lumpur).

Source: Malaysia Statistical Board, 1985
Figure 3 the flow of urbanization interstate for five year 1980 to 1985

The flow of urbanization caused the population of city became many. If the population growth so the need of population will growth to such the need of housing, office, trading, and others facility. Because the population is growth but the land is not growth so the government and civil then use other land in outside of the city. Urban sprawl was a one kind of the growth of city base on space. Table 1 shown that land use dominantly in the center of the city Kuala Lumpur 49.27 percent for road, rail way and open space. This condition of land use in Kuala Lumpur caused urban sprawl in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan like in table 2.
Urban sprawl can be caused with planning or naturally (unmanaged growth), the other word urban sprawl can make better or problems such slum, squatters. There are squatter at Kuala Lumpur in 2000 570.63 hectare or 2.36 percent (table 1). Slum and squatters condition is natural phenomena in the center of the city because there are many competition of economic activity and the negative impact of development. Development in the many case was caused negative impact like gap of development between center and beyond of the city (Gilbert and Gugler 1996, Rostam 1998). The other impact of urban sprawl is more decrease of open space and forest in the center of the city (table 2). They are having function to produce oxygen and hydrology function. The forest at up stream can reduce and caused erosion and flood in middle and below (figure 4).

Table 1 Land Use form in Kuala Lumpur base on Category year 2000

Source: Draft structure plan 2020, 2000

Figure 4 Land use pattern Klang-Langat valley metropolitan

Land use pattern was one kind of the result of human activity and the evolution of environment. Land use changes was the changes of the distribution of settlement and vegetation and natural characteristic activity in the surface of land. These changes could the effect to the quality of air, transportation, and other activity. The push factor caused land use changes was the changes of climate because topographic, public policy of environment and transportation, industry and depend on the complexity of interaction between people and goods.
Dominantly land use changes at Kuala Lumpur was growth of housing become 1,667.53 hectares, then community 459.49 hectares (table 2). This growth area was from decrease of the area of institution 102.98 hectares, industry 3.19 hectares, and open space 9.03 hectares. There was added of area of housing, commercials and community in all of district. It means that there was urban sprawl in all part of the city, and Industry, institution and open space, there were decrease and increase of the area of the city. Kuala Lumpur has squatter about 2,404.31 hectares in 1984 and decrease in year 2000 1,833.68 hectares or 76.27 percent as long as fourteen year.
Table 2 Land use change Kuala Lumpur 1984-2000 in hectares

Notes : * Unit region in ha
** Percentage land use change = Area land use change x 100 %
Area land use y. 1984
Source: Draft Structure Plan KL 2020, 2000
Analysis, 2009.

Part of the people who life in squatter area, they have economic poor and bad environment such dirty and didn’t health. There are many facilities didn’t work and good condition such road/path way, drainage, electric pole, and buildings. The people with high income and rich move to other location but for the people with low income and poor was not have alternative except still live at the bad place.
There are many placed to urban sprawl area. Two areas (beside others areas) were in Gombak and Hulu Langat. Despite that area must use for recharge area, the hills in the two areas was became a settlement (table 3). This table talk about the change of land use and shown that urban sprawl was not only in Kuala Lumpur but also in the beyond of Kuala Lumpur.
Table 3 Land Use change base on category 1994 to 2000

Source: Maklumat Asas Negeri Selangor 1997/1998, 1999/2000.

Note:
Cyberjaya : 2,844 hectare

td : no data
- : Decrease area

+ : increase area
KLIA : 9,808 hectare

Forest : 1,117 hectare
Government land: 731 hectare.

The negative impact of this urban land use change of condition was many surface run off and erosion, sedimentation, and flood because many vegetation change with building areas. So Many floods and land slides were in Klang-Langat valley metropolitan (Mahusin 2008, Bidai 2008).

PROCESS OF URBAN SPRAWL (part 3)

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

This research uses phenomenology and positivist approach. A phenomenon was being anything that appears or presents itself to someone (Peet 1998). Phenomenology was approach involve the description of urban sprawl as one experiences. Experience includes seeing, hearing and other sensory relations, but also believing, remembering, imagining, evaluating, and physical relations. Positivist approach looks at environment and sees spaces. That is, positivist sees homogenized surface, characterized measurable; with human relation to space (Peet 1998).
Material research involve primary and secondary data such visual data in the field, statistical population data, and land use data. Data collect from check field directly with writing and photography; the formal report from project, government (statistical bureau and agriculture office); from textbook and relevant journal. To find spatial transformation, this research used Landsat data satellite for three years were 1989, 1996, 1999. Processing data spatial was used Erdas Image processing 9.1 software band RGB 4, 5, 3. Data used field check to find the correct of the result of interpretation. Differentiation the areas of land use have done with frequencies analysis using series data. This was for measure how many area was change and how the distribution of urban sprawl.
To determine the boundary of area research was used ecological approach. This area research was used river basin boundary to study because base on system ecology. System ecology looked that the activity of people may influence to other activity. Urban activity in up stream could make influence in downstream. Klang-Langat metropolitan Region (KLMR) was area of research on river basin Klang and Langat. That area was on three states that were Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Selangor State, and Negeri Sembilan State.
There were many kind of word used to call valley such lembangan (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka 1993), lembah, watershed, river basin, all of them was used one meaning in this study. The boundary area of valley was using topographic boundary where the stream of river flow to one outlet. Klang valley had Klang outlet and Langat valley had Kuala Langat outlet. Klang valley had four area that was part of Selangor state (Gombak, Petaling and Klang), Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur (WPKL). Langat valley had four area to that was part of Selangor State (Hulu Langat, Sepang, and Kuala Langat), part of Negeri Sembilan state (Nilai city).

PROCESS OF URBAN SPRAWL (part 2)

INTRODUCTION

Urban Sprawl has many problems of aesthetics, efficiency, and equality at the country if the country has high urban growth because many people came to city went out from rural, rural became undeveloped (Batty et al 2003, Terzi and Kaya 2008). At 2005, Malaysia has 2.75 percent of population growth and estimation population at year 2010 about 28.96 million, and predict that It has 63.8 percent urban and 36.2 percent rural (Malaysia Plan to-9 2006-2010). Many migrants came from other state to Selangor state (Department of Statistics Malaysia 2007, 1985). That’s why city need new land for housing, transportation, and other activity building. New land can use from the outside of the city. Not all migrant have successful live at the centre of city. Some of them become poor after go to the city than before still live at the rural, although the other migrant has economic success with more income than before. Especially for poor migrant in the city, they have many economic problems because their economic condition, especially salary, was insufficient cost fee to live in the center of the city such not enough for save environmental quality, transportation, buy home, rent apartment, education, and recreation (Batty et al 2003).
Then, many migrant choose house with low price rent. Low cost of rent house caused the payment was not enough to maintenance of facility. So many facilities at the low cost of housing have bad condition such break lif, slum condition, bad drainage and not healthy of environment. The people who live in low cost of rent housing were not comfortable. They still live in the center of the city because near from the place to work and to reduce output for transportation. Many people live with poor condition (Malaysia Plan to-9 2006-2010). In other hand, for people who have high income, the city likes “a heaven” because they can find many goods and facilities by easily. They have many alternatives for live in city or outside of the city.
The problems of migrant were more intense if there were many migrant from outside of the city came to the center of the city. The gap of differentiation between poor and rich people in the centre of the city, that have been a natural selection from hundred years ago until now and next. People who have been capability to live in city, they will live in centre of the city. But, for the people who didn’t feel comfort and not suitable in the city will go out to find new location in beyond this core (Knox 1987). Modern transportation was one factor to make people choose live in outside of the city. When in the morning until afternoon, people work in the center of the city and then in the evening, they go back home to outside of the city. These people called Commuters. The phenomena of commuters were one kind impact of urban sprawl and they make new centre activities in the outside of the city. This commuter’s phenomena are naturally characteristics and it can more rapid urban growth when the government has policy to make new centre in the outside of the city.
The commuter’s phenomena not only have positive impact, but also have negative impact. It caused traffic jam especially when the people go and back to work (peak hour). This traffic jam caused more expensive of cost for the commuter. One kind alternative commuter to save output was used mass transportation. But, not all destinations of the commuter have in route of mass transportation. So, some commuter uses two kinds of facility of transportation such private transportation at the first time and mass transportation after that. To solve traffic jam, the government makes many road and variation of transportation as fly over, monorail, double tract train.
For part of the people with feel the condition of the city not comfort for live, they will go out from the center of the city. Beside that, there are many exiting natural resources such atmosphere, water and social in the outside of the city. The distance was not became problem because there were modern of information and communication technology (ICT). Cyberjaya, Semenyih, Shah Alam and others city were example of the city with use ICT in Klang-Langat valley. People can work not only at home but also at the outside of the city to make transaction business using ICT facilities. As new tools, ICT still had many handicap such dominancy of visual transaction than virtual and ICT could not change all capability of work. If we are compare, The activity of ICT could result differentiation of land use pattern than without ICT. That’s why, this research was focus on the process of spatial or land use transformation of urban sprawl in the centre of the city and beyond of the city.

PROCESS OF URBAN SPRAWL:

THE CASE OF KLANG-LANGAT VALLEY METROPOLITAN

Abstract


The urban sprawl has been need new consequence facilities and new land in the outside of the city. The negative impact of urban sprawl was uncontrolled urban growth such slum, squatter, uncontrolled spatial planning, more high gap of differentiation developed between urban and rural. Klang-Langat valley metropolitan were two urban areas with more rapid growth in west of Malaysia Peninsula. This research identified the process of spatial transformation of urban sprawl. To find it, this research was used secondary data such journal, textbook, project report and other relevant literature. To describe area was using three hierarchies of spatial analysis. For described of country, this research used macro policy analysis, for described state used middle or land use city analysis and for described region used detail or case analysis.

Our finding suggest that the spatial process transformations of the city were depended on the history of the Tin mine in Ampang. To develop city was using Klang River as base transportation until to Port Klang in the earlier. Then, urban growth has developed by trading activity in Kuala Lumpur and recently, urban growth has been dominantly in services sector. The process of urban sprawl move from Petaling to Kuala Langat, Sepang, and Hulu Langat district. There was differentiation of spatial pattern between in the centre of the Kuala Lumpur city with compact of land use pattern and at the beyond such Kuala Langat, Sepang, and Hulu Langat with leap frog of land use pattern. Spatial form of gap differentiation could find in Klang valley with more growth developed than Langat valley where dominantly palm agriculture. Urban Sprawl caused two regions at Klang-Langat upstream valley used to build area such housing, industrial and service whereas this region must for recharge area.

Key words: urban sprawl, spatial analysis, river basin